BOSHAN TONE SANDHI

This paper investigates the tone sandhi phenomenon in Boshan, which is remarkable for its seemly unpredictable rule application directionalities observed in tri-tonal strings. Based on the constraint-based theory of OT, this paper shows that the rule application directionalities in Boshan are by no means ungoverned. Normally tone sandhi applies from left to right for identity reasons, unless highly marked forms would be generated. In that case, tone sandhi applies reverselyfrom right to left. Thus, the rule application directionalities are naturally predicted by the interaction of the identity and markedness constraints. The investigation of the issue of directionality in Boshan also supports the view that identity preservation between prosodically related outputs is important in tone sandhi. The output-to-output correspondence relation may force a tonal output to deviate from the canonical surface patterns of the language, so that it becomes more like a tonal base to which it prosodically relates. Identity preservation is highly respected in tone sandhi, unless this would produce forms that are highly marked.

>>Back

博山方言的連讀變調現象

本篇論文的主旨在於討論漢語方言中，博山方言的連讀變調現象。深究的重點是博山方言連讀變調現象中難以預測的變調方向性及變調方向性背後之意義。本篇論文所採用的理論模式是優選理論。本文認為，博山變調的方向性基本上是由左而右。因為這個方向性可以使得輸出聲調和其參考的聲調（base）比較相同。當這個方向性會衍生出高度有標（highly marked）的形式時，連讀變調規則就會轉而由右而左運作。變調的方向性可以由音韻制約（markedness constraint）和輸出－輸出信實制約（OO-faithfulness constraint）之間的排列順序而得到預測。變調方向性背後的動機最主要是為了促成輸出聲調和其參考聲調之間的對應性。為了達成這個對應關係，變調規則必須由左而右運作。不過，這個對應性的達成並非全然無條件的。當連讀變調現象中更高的準則會因對應性的達成而受到違反時，變調的規則就會由相反的方向運行。

>>Back

THE WORDS-AND-RULES THEORY: EVIDENCE FROM CHINESE MORPHOLOGY

Yuanjian He

Chinese OVS compounds are generated by morphological rules, whereas VOS compounds are far less homogenous. The VO part is a root word if the V and O are monosyllabic, or a VP if the V and/or O are disyllabic. In the former case, the syllable count may have conditioned a pattern-associated memory that has transformed a VP into a root. In the latter case a lexico-syntactic compound has been created. These findings are in agreement with the principle of memory vs. symbol-processing proposed by Pinker (1999) and provide proof that the principle works in more areas than inflectional morphology and may indeed be universal.

漢語述賓式合成複合詞對詞項與規則理論的映証

何元建 / 香港中文大學

帶施事題元的漢語述賓式合成複合詞有兩種：OVS型和VOS型。前者是純粹的向心型詞結構，而後者卻不是如此。在VOS型當中，如果V和O分別是單音節的，那麼VO是VP經模式聯體記憶而轉化過來的詞根，跟S再組成複合詞。如果V和O分別是雙音節的， 那麼VO是VP直接進入複合詞，即所謂“短語入詞”現象。模式聯體記憶和運用規則之間的相互補充反映了語法運作的經濟原則。漢、英兩種語言中的合成複合詞都為這一原則提供了證據。不同的是，漢語合成複合詞中的施事題元是一個粘著詞根，而英語合成複合詞中的施事題元卻可以是一個動詞後綴。這樣，漢語合成複合詞在成分結構中直接就滿足了“題元指派統一論”的要求，而英語合成複合詞（如果施事題元是一個動詞後綴的話）就需要在邏輯形式中去完成相同的要求。

>>Back

A SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF LOCATIVE EXPRESSIONS:THE PROBLEM OF INTRANSITIVITY IN PREPOSITIONS

This paper consists of a critical review of how spatial prepositions and adverbial particles have been treated in the literature. Thus, after a review of the description of locative expressions by traditional grammars, some of the main and most recent ideas related to the semantic analysis of spatial prepositions and adverbs are put forward. As a result of the data gathered, and departing from a functional paradigm, a new classification of such items is proposed at the end of this work. Besides, some innovative contributions to the literature are added, in the line of functional grammars. Finally, a definition of the most important concepts related to prepositions and adverbs of space is provided, and clear boundaries that set the main differences between prepositions and adverbs of space are established.

>>Back

THE CATEGORY OF GEI IN MANDARIN CHINESE AND GRAMMATICALIZATION

This article attempts to reach two purposes. The primary purpose is to show that gei must be analyzed as having different categories depending on the constructions in which it occurs. Therefore, neither the preposition account nor SVC account is entirely satisfactory. After the preposition and complementizer status of gei in certain constructions have been determined and recognized, the second purpose of this article is to suggest, in contrast to a typical formal approach, that a grammaticalization path may be involved to relate these different categories of gei. In this approach, the verbal category of gei is the genesis, later a preposition status is developed, and finally a complementizer status arises.

>>Back

漢語『給』的語類及語法化

本文探討兩個主要的議題。一是論證漢語的『給』字有許多不同語類，而在不同的句構中，『給』字呈現不同語類的特徵，因此將『給』字一概視為介詞或連動式第二動詞的分析無法解釋所有『給』字句的特徵。筆者認為在不同的句構中，『給』字應分析為動詞、介詞、或連詞(complementizer)。二是從形式語法的角度，討論『給』字的語法化現象。『給』字由最初的 動詞，經歷語法化的過程，而逐漸發展出介詞和連詞的用法。

>>Back