Metaphorized Motion in English

Physical motion is frequently metaphorized to express abstract concepts or states of affairs. This article aims to explore the phenomena of metaphorized motion in English. Example sentences drawn from English dictionaries are furnished to attest and examine the workings of metaphorized motion in various non-physical fields. One interesting finding is that two contrasting metaphorical vehicles－namely the moving entity and the stationary bounded space－apply to a variety of non-spatial fields. The two recurring contradictory vehicles suggest that there are limits to the systematicity and coherence of conventional metaphors of motion in English.

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英語中隱喻化之運動

隱喻化之實體運動常用來表達抽象的概念或事態。本文旨在探討英語中隱喻化運動之現象。筆者引用英文字典中的例句來佐證並檢視英文中隱喻化運動在各種抽象領域中之運作。結果發現兩相對比之喻依（即「移動之實體」與「有限之空間」）適用於多種非空間領域之語言中。這種兩相對比不斷使用之喻依顯示英語中習用的運動隱喻辭之系統性與一致性是有限的。

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On the Status of Reality Marking in Tsou

Huang, Shuanfan; Huang, Huei-ju

In this paper we investigate, on the basis of corpus data, how Tsou marks ‘realis’and ‘irrealis’ events in a number of syntactic environments. In environments commonly believed to attract ‘irrealis’ markers we show that ‘irrealis’ auxiliary verbs are sharply limited to just one functional domain, namely future potential events. But use of irrealis markers in Tsou to mark future potential events is largely predictable on universal grounds. We therefore argue that although irrealis auxiliary verbs in Tsou can be used to indicate potential and unactualized events, this is best seen as a consequence of their function as tense-aspect markers rather than as a reflex of their function as reality markers and that it would be wrong to continue to assume that the auxiliary verb system in Tsou (and perhaps in all of the other Formosan languages) is a system for marking reality. Given these findings, we propose to reconceptualize the auxiliary verbs in Tsou as follows: the auxiliary verbs in Tsou encode temporal and aspectual information, but not reality information. Where they appear to mark irrealis potential events, the appearance is deceptive and is simply a manifestation of their functions as tense-aspect markers to code futurity. What has been claimed to mark irrealis in Tsou on closer investigation can be shown to be either a consequence of the functions of tense-aspect markers in Tsou, or of the functions of the construction as a whole in supplying the ‘irrealis’ interpretation.

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鄒語實現態標記之探討

黃宣範 黃惠如 / 國立台灣大學

本文觀察鄒語自然言談語料中，實現（realis）與非實現(irrealis)事件在不同句法環境下的標記情形。在一般相信應標記為非實現態的很多句法環境下，鄒語「非實現態」之助動詞並不出現；相反地，實現態與否是由整個句構（construction）來標記。因此其所顯示的語法功能比較偏向區態，而不是作實現態與非實現態的區別。換言之，鄒語的「非實現態」助動詞是用來標記「未來」；鄒語助動詞不應視為系統性的標記事件的實現否。

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Intrapsychological Force-Dynamic Interaction: Verbs of Refraining in Hakka

In order to explore intrapsychological force-dynamic interaction, this study, adopting Talmy’s (2000a) force-dynamic framework, examines (i) how force is manifested in verbs of refraining in Hakka, and (ii) the correlation between the semantic content FORCE and the syntactic manifestation. From examinations of these verbs, three general points become clear. First, two major force-dynamic patterns are involved in the intrapsychological domain, an ONSET CAUSATION pattern (force of refraining in the blocking part > force of resistance in the desiring part), and an ONSET DESPITE pattern (force of refraining in the blocking part < force of resistance in the desiring part). Furthermore, in the intrapsychological domain, verbs of refraining can be divided into physical suppression and psychological repression. Finally, the correlation between the semantic component FORCE and its syntactic manifestation is demonstrated by the potential mode, verb-copying constructions and also adverbs of duration, evaluation and judgment, and the resultative complements. In adopting these verbs to study the intrapsychological force-dynamic interaction, this study modifies Talmy’s framework and also provides a fine-grained analysis for verbs of refraining in Hakka.

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從內心層次動力的互動檢視客語「忍」類動詞

賴惠玲 強舒媺 / 國立政治大學

本文運用Talmy（2000）之動力架構，分析客語「忍」類動詞在內心
層次之動力互動，主要探討兩個課題：客語「忍」類動詞力的展現，及「力」的語意內涵與句法結構之對應關係。本文有三個結論：首先，內心層次有兩種力學類型，一為ONSET CAUSATIOIN 類型（阻擋之力量大於慾望之力量），另一為ONSET DESPITE 類型（阻擋之力量小於慾望之力量）。此外，客語「忍」類動詞可分為生理壓抑及心理壓抑兩類。最後，「力」的語意內涵與「忍」類動詞句法行為表現之對應則由能否形式、動詞重疊結構、時間副詞、評量副詞、及結果補語等予以呈現。本研究從內心層次動力的互動出發，一方面修飾及補充了Talmy（2000）的理論架構，一方面為客語「忍」類動詞提出完整縝密之分析。

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Postverbal Secondary Predicates in Taiwanese

Resultative, descriptive, and extent constructions are three postverbal secondary predicates in Taiwanese. They all involve the use of -kah and appear similar on the surface. However, this paper proposes that the underlying structures of each of the three types of predicate show marked differences in terms of scope of modification, passivization, and word order. Resultative constructions are proposed to be complements subcategorized for by V-kah, and they are predicated of either the subject or object of the main clause. Descriptive constructions are adverbial phrases attached to V', and they modify the head verb. As for extent constructions, not exactly modifying any particular element, they denote ‘pure’ extent reading and have the structure of a clause attached to VP.

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臺灣話的動後次要謂語

臺灣話有結果、描述、程度三種動後次要謂語。此三種結構皆含有kah，並有相似的表層結構。然而，他們的深層結構在修飾範域、被動、詞序等方面皆顯示出顯著的差異。因此，本文提議結果結構為V-kah 所次類劃分的補語，他們並充當主要子句主語或賓語的述語。描述結構為附著於V'的副詞詞組，並修飾主要動詞。至於程度結構，他們並不修飾任何成分，而僅具有單純的程度語意，其結構則為附著於VP 的子句。

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